- Organic molecules: those associated with living things.
- Will contain carbon (four valence electrons allow it to bond to four other atoms or carbons) and hydrogen
- Functional groups attach to carbon chains such as a amino group (NH2), Carboxyl group (COOH) Carbonyl group (CO) and Hydroxyl groups (OH)
- Carbohydrates (Hexoses C6H12O6)
- Lipids (glycerol and fatty acid)
- Proteins (Amnio acid)
- Nucleic Acids (Nucleotide)
- Polysaccharide (monosaccharide)
- These are macromolecules that are formed by joining smaller molecules together in a chain called monomers. Macromolecules can also be called polymers (many monomers). The molecules in brackets are the monomers that form the macromolecules
Condensation Synthesis and Hyrolysis:- Condensation synthesis: reaction that binds monomers together to first form a dimer then a polymer. Water is taken away to combine the monomers
- Hydrolysis: process that breaks up monomers into smaller molecules by adding water. Hydro meaning water and lysis meaning 'to break up'
Carbohydrate:
- Short term storage of energy
- The monosaccaride hexoses has the formula C6H12O6 and is in the shape of a ring. Combining many of these hexoses rings in a chain will make a carbohydrate molecule also known as complex carbohydrates or polysaccharides.
- Examples of complex carbohydrates: starch and glycogen. Both are used to store energy in animals and plants. Cellulose is another example that is ound in the cell walls.
Lipids:
- Insoluble in water because it is non-polar
- Fats and oils
- Long term energy storage
- Used to protect and cushion as well as for insulation
- Made up a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules. A bond between the hydroxyl (OH) group of the glycerol and the carboxyl group (COOH) on the fatty acid.
- Fats: also called Triglycerides because of the three fatty acid tails. A triglyceride is formed through a condensation reaction
- Fatty Acids: hydrocarbon (CH) chains with a methyl group on one end and carboxyl group (COOH) on the other. Made up of about 16-18 Carbons per molecule.
- Saturated fatty acids: Single bonds between carbon atoms with hydrogen molecules attached to the carbon. It is a longer fatty acid that is solid at room temperature (fats)
- Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds between carbon atoms so there will be less hydrogen molecules. The tail is bent so that the molecule is less dense and has a lower melting point. It is liquid at room temperature (oil)
- Soap Emulsifiers: similar to lipids. A fatty acid and a inorganic base bonded together so that it has both a polar and a non-polar end. Polar end allows it to mix with water and the non-polar end into the oils to break up the oils
- Phospholipids: Similar in structure to fats except a fatty acid group is replaced by a phosphate group. Phospholipids are have a polarized head and a non-polar tail. They are common seen at the phospholipid bilayer that makes up the membrane
- Steroid: They are lipids made of four fused carbon rings
Proteins:
- Made up of amino acids
- Amino acids joined by a peptide bond through condensation synthesis to form a dipeptide and into a polypeptie chain. The peptide bond is formed between the carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen atoms so that the amino group is attached to the carboxyl group and water is removed. By connecting in this fashion, there will still be an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other
- Primary structures of proteins: amino acid chains
- Secondary proteins: They connected via hydrogen bonds to form helices (with a N-C-C-N-C- backbone and used in other more fibrous polymers) or beta-pleated sheets (has twists that strengthen the polymer)
- Tertiary Structure: The secondary alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets are combined by amino acids to form a tertiary structure of loops. The shape is stabilized by intra-molecular bonds, hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds between charged R groups. Hydrophobic interactions occur between non-polar regions and disulphide bonds (covalent bonds) can also form between amino acids.
- Quaternary Structure: Combination of 2 or more tertiary structures are bond together using the same bonds found in tertiary structures.
- Fibrous Proteins: Water insoluble, long, narrow, provides support to tissues
Collagen is the most basic and most common example which is made up of three left handed helices (secondary structures). Keratin is another example made up of seven helices - Globular proteins: almost soluble, compact and round. Found in pigments, transport proteins and the immune system. Examples are hemogloin and immunoglobulin
Nucleic Acids:
- Storage and expression of genetic information
- Polymers of nucleotides ordered in a genetically determined fashion and binded by condensation reaction
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) has sugar deoxyribose in the structure and RNA (ribonucleic acid) has sugar ribose
- Nucleic Acids: made of 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen base
- ATP: nucleotide joined by sugar ribose and three phosphate groups
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